A Guide to Tehran, Iran's Capital City (updated 2025)
Tehran is the bustling capital and largest city of Iran.
As the political, economic, and cultural hub of the country, it offers visitors a vibrant mix of history, modernity, and diverse experiences.
Let’s take a closer look at Tehran, Iran’s capital city.
Tehran Introduction
Tehran Geography & Climate
Tehran History
Tehran Demographics
Tehran Economics
Visiting Tehran
Where to Stay in Tehran
Getting around Tehran
Introduction to Tehran
Nestled at the foot of the Alborz Mountains in northern Iran, Tehran has been the country’s capital since the late 18th century.
The city seamlessly blends historical landmarks with modern urban life, reflecting Iran’s rich history and dynamic present.
Geography and Climate of Tehran
Tehran sits at an altitude ranging from 1,200 to 1,700 meters (3,900 to 5,600 feet) above sea level, with its northern areas nestled in the Alborz Mountains and the southern parts stretching into flat plains.
This elevation difference creates noticeable climate variations, with cooler, greener neighborhoods in the north and warmer, drier areas in the south.
The city experiences four distinct seasons. Summers are hot, with temperatures often exceeding 35°C (95°F), while winters can be cold, with occasional snow, especially in the northern districts.
Spring and autumn are mild and ideal for exploring the city.
History of Tehran
Tehran in the Ancient Period
While Tehran’s prominence is relatively recent, its history dates back to ancient times. The nearby city of Rey, a major center along the Silk Road, overshadowed Tehran for centuries. When Rey was destroyed by the Mongols in the 13th century, survivors settled in Tehran, setting the stage for its growth.
Tehran in the Medieval and Early Modern Periods
Tehran gained importance during the Safavid era (16th–18th centuries) when it was recognized for its strategic location and pleasant climate. Fortifications and gardens were constructed, and it began to establish itself as a key regional center.
In 1786, Agha Mohammad Khan of the Qajar dynasty declared Tehran the capital of Persia. The city grew rapidly with new palaces, gates, and gardens, becoming the political and cultural heart of the country.
Tehran under the Pahlavi dynasty
The Pahlavi dynasty (1925–1979) brought modernization to Tehran, transforming it with wide streets, public transportation, and modern landmarks like the Azadi Tower. Then came the 1979 Islamic Revolution, a pivotal moment that reshaped the course of Iranian history.
Tehran Post-Revolution
Following the Islamic Revolution in 1979, Tehran retained its status as the capital of Iran. It became the center of political and social change, reflecting the country’s evolving identity. Despite the challenges of the Iran-Iraq War in the 1980s and economic sanctions, Tehran continued to grow as a vibrant metropolis.
Tehran Today
Today, Tehran is a bustling metropolis and Iran’s largest city. It blends history and modernity, serving as a hub for political, cultural, and economic activities while offering visitors a mix of historical sites and contemporary attractions.
Demographics of Tehran
Tehran is the most populous city in Iran (one of the most populous cities in the Middle East), with an estimated population of over 9 million residents within the city and around 15 million in the metropolitan area.
It is a melting pot of ethnic groups, including Persians, Azeris, Kurds, and others.
Persian (Farsi) is the primary language spoken, but you may also hear Azeri and other regional languages in parts of the city.
Economy of Tehran
Tehran serves as the economic heart of Iran, with a diverse economy encompassing trade, industry, technology, and services. The city’s strategic location and infrastructure make it a vital hub for domestic and international commerce.
Trade (Bazaars in Tehran)
Tehran’s economy thrives on trade, with bustling markets and bazaars offering everything from handmade Persian carpets to spices and jewelry. The Grand Bazaar, one of the largest in the world, is a must-visit destination for its vibrant atmosphere and historical significance.
Modern shopping malls also cater to contemporary tastes, blending traditional commerce with modern retail experiences.
Industry and Manufacturing
Tehran is home to many of Iran’s major industries, including automotive manufacturing, petrochemicals, and electronics. These sectors contribute significantly to the city’s economic output and employment.
Agriculture
While Tehran itself is highly urbanized, surrounding areas contribute to its economy through agriculture, supplying fresh fruits, vegetables, and dairy products to the city.
International Trade and Development
Tehran’s strategic position has made it a key player in regional trade networks. It also hosts international businesses and embassies, further integrating it into the global economy. While economic sanctions have posed challenges, Tehran continues to be a center of innovation and resilience in Iran’s economy.
Visiting Tehran
Tehran is a city of contrasts, offering a mix of historical sites, green spaces, and modern attractions.
Must-Visit Locations
Golestan Palace
- Cost: Approx. 500,000 IRR for foreigners per section.
- Details: A UNESCO World Heritage Site, this 19th-century palace complex boasts stunning architecture and elaborate tile work.
Azadi Tower
- Cost: Approx. 200,000 IRR.
- Details: A symbol of Tehran, this iconic tower features unique architecture and a small museum.
Milad Tower
- Cost: Approx. 300,000 IRR for observation deck access.
- Details: One of the tallest towers in the world, offering panoramic views of the city.
National Museum of Iran
- Cost: Approx. 500,000 IRR for foreigners.
- Details: A treasure trove of ancient artifacts that showcase Iran’s rich history, from prehistoric times to the Islamic era.
Darband
- Cost: Free (restaurant and café costs vary).
- Details: A charming area in northern Tehran, perfect for hiking and enjoying traditional Iranian food at outdoor cafés.
Tehran’s Grand Bazaar
- Cost: Free to enter.
- Details: A bustling market where you can shop for spices, carpets, jewelry, and other local products.
The Den of Espionage Museum (Former US Embassy)
- Cost: 300,000 IRR
- Details: A unique museum that was once the U.S. Embassy until 1979, showcasing the diplomatic tensions between the U.S. and Iran.
Where to Stay in Tehran
Luxury Hotels
1. Espinas Palace Hotel
- Location: Sa’adat Abad, northern Tehran.
- Approx. Cost: $150–$250 per night.
- Overview: A modern hotel with luxurious amenities, perfect for travelers seeking comfort and stunning city views.
Mid-Range Hotels
2. Ferdowsi International Grand Hotel
- Location: City center, near historical sites.
- Approx. Cost: $60–$100 per night.
- Overview: Conveniently located with comfortable accommodations and easy access to Tehran’s main attractions.
Budget Options
3. Kowsar Hotel
- Location: Central Tehran.
- Approx. Cost: $30–$50 per night.
- Overview: A budget-friendly option with basic amenities, suitable for travelers looking for affordability and accessibility.
Getting Around Tehran
Tehran’s public transportation system is extensive and affordable, featuring metro lines, buses, and shared taxis. The metro is the most efficient way to navigate the city, especially during peak traffic hours.
For a more flexible option, ride-hailing apps like Snapp and Tap30 are widely used and convenient for tourists
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